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PREPARED STATEMENT BY C. KENNETH ORSKI, EDITOR/PUBLISHER OF INNOVATION BRIEFS , BEFORE THE HEARING OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE , MARCH 19, 2002
The Emerging Consensus on Surface Transportation
Mr. Chairman, Members of the Committee,
My name is C. Kenneth Orski. I am editor and publisher of Innovation Briefs, a bi-monthly publication which has been reporting and interpreting developments in the transportation sector for the past 13 years. Innovation Briefs, I am pleased to say, has a wide and influential audience that includes congressional staffs, federal, state and local transportation officials, newspaper editors, business leaders, association executives, and transportation professionals. My testimony today is based on observations acquired in the course of gathering and analyzing information for our publication. These observations draw on recent briefings and conference presentations, and on interviews and personal communications with members of the transportation community in Washington, and with state and local transportation officials across the country.
My overall conclusion is that we enter this reauthorization cycle with fewer issues that might divide the transportation community, and with a larger measure of a consensus among major stakeholders than at any other time in recent history. Unlike the last reauthorization cycle, when interest groups jockeyed for position and floated a number of competing proposals, this time around I find near-universal sentiment that we ought to build upon the combined legacy of ISTEA and TEA-21rather than engage in a bruising fight to reinvent the federal surface transportation program. To be sure, there will be some proposals for changes in program delivery, but these are likely to be refinements to the existing program rather than radical changes in the structure of the program.
Turning to specifics, I discern a large degree of consensus within the transportation industry and among major stakeholder groups on several policy directions:
1. Protecting the Highway Trust Fund
There is unanimous agreement, I believe, that the budgetary "firewall"
protections and the principle of guaranteed minimum levels of annual spending
should be preserved. At the same time, everyone recognizes that some refinements
in the RABA formula are necessary in order to prevent dramatic year-to-year
swings in highway funding, such as occurred this year.
2. Increasing Program Flexibility
Similarly, there appears to be much support for greater program flexibility,
i.e. giving federal-aid recipients greater freedom to transfer funds between
major programs and between sub-categories within programs. While a good
deal of flexibility already exists, there is support for clarifying and
enhancing this flexibility, perhaps by reducing the number of existing
set-asides and sub-allocations.
3. Congestion Mitigation
Traffic congestion is viewed by all as a serious national problem that
requires a national response. There appears to be a large measure of consensus
within the transportation community that the response should include both
capacity expansion and improvements in the operation of existing facilities
- although opinions among stakeholders differ as to the proper balance
to be accorded to these two major traffic mitigation strategies. My own
belief is that, while operational strategies can help to some extent to
reduce congestion due to accidents and vehicle breakdowns (the so-called
"non-recurrent" congestion), only additional highway capacity
i.e. roadway widenings, and new road construction, can decrease or eliminate
recurrent bottlenecks caused by too many vehicles trying to squeeze into
too few highway lanes. Proponents of the "you-can't-build-your-way-out-of-traffic-congestion"
school of thought seem to ignore the fact that additional highway lanes,
even if eventually they do fill up with traffic, help to accommodate increased
population growth and economic development. After all, schools and hospitals
in fast growing areas also eventually fill up with students and patients,
yet this never has stopped us from building more schools and more hospitals
to fill growing demand.
A comprehensive federal attack on the problem of traffic congestion might take the form of a specific "bottleneck elimination" program (along the lines suggested by the American Highway Users Alliance), supplemented by a program of operational improvements designed to squeeze more capacity out of existing facilities. Such operational improvements would rely heavily on the application of advanced intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies, to strengthen emergency response, improve detection and clearance of accidents (incident management), promote wider dissemination of real-time weather and traffic information to the traveling public, improve work zone management and establish more regional Traffic Management Centers.
4. Environmental Streamlining
Simplifying and accelerating the process of highway project review and
approval is viewed as a critical priority by large segments of the transportation
community . While current efforts of the Federal Highway Administration
to streamline procedures through administrative action are commendable,
the transportation community, I believe, is looking to Congress to provide
more explicit legislative directions to reduce the delays that have plagued
the project implementation process. Issues that call for congressional
resolution include establishing uniform ground rules and timelines for
dispute resolution; further reducing or eliminating the federal review
process for minor projects; setting maximum time limits for federally
required reviews for major projects; clarifying responsibilities and requirements
under NEPA in Section 4(f); and giving states and localities greater authority
to sign off on environmental reviews through self-certification.
The environmental community's position on environmental streamlining reforms is not clear at this time. To my knowledge, no overt opposition to expediting the project approval process has been expressed by environmental groups so far, perhaps because transportation officials have been careful to stress that advocacy of environmental streamlining should not be construed as an attack on environmental values, and that project delivery can be streamlined without hurting the environment.
5. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Program
Continued federal support of the ITS program remains a high priority for
large segments of the transportation community. Specific objectives advocated
by the ITS community include initiatives to encourage regional partnerships
for coordinated ITS operations; deployment of ITS technology to enhance
highway operations and to increase the efficiency and security of intermodal
freight movement; and programs to expand freeway and arterial monitoring
instrumentation in metropolitan areas (currently, only 22 percent of the
urban freeway network and virtually no arterials are instrumented). Another
frequently mentioned idea is the creation of a national "infostructure"
network, capable of collecting and sharing transportation system condition
and performance information covering the entire national highway system.
Such a national communication network could become an integral and vital
part of a homeland security infrastructure, available in times of national
emergency for evacuation and mobilization purposes.
6. Transit Issues: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
Increased funding, especially for New Starts, is likely to dominate the
transit industry's reauthorization agenda. According to the latest Annual
Report on New Starts published by the Federal Transit Administration,
there are some 50 rail projects in preliminary engineering or final design.
These projects represent a potential demand of $30-35 billion. Another
several dozen projects, worth $70-75 billion, are in the alternatives
analysis stage. While the transit industry is not expected to seek funding
for all these projects, this begins to define the level of future demand
for new starts projects in the eyes of the transit community.
Carving out a bigger role for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which is now undergoing a series of demonstrations, could significantly reduce the need for transit capital funding. According to the General Accounting Office, Bus Rapid Transit shows promise of offering a level of service comparable to that of light rail transit (LRT) at a fraction of their cost (an average of $9 million/mile for BRT vs $34.8 million/mile for LRT - Report GAO-01-984). Many transit experts believe that Bus Rapid Transit could lead to a new generation of more flexible, less expensive New Starts.
7. High Occupancy/Toll (HOT) Lane Networks
However, for Bus Rapid Transit to offer service quality comparable to
that of rail (and to make it eligible for New Starts funding) the buses
must be able to run in reserved lanes that are congestion-free even in
peak periods. This has led to proposals to convert and expand the existing
stretches of HOV lanes into seamless networks of high occupancy/toll (HOT)
lanes in major metropolitan areas. The HOT lanes would be open to buses
and carpools without charge and to single-occupant cars for a fee. By
varying the fee according to demand with the help of electronic transponders
(as is already being done on the I-15 HOT lanes in San Diego), the number
of single-occupant cars seeking entry to the HOT lanes could be restrained
to maintain free-flowing traffic conditions at all times, thus ensuring
the integrity of the Bus Rapid Transit concept. Funds to develop and operate
the HOT lane networks could come from a combination of existing federal-aid
highway funds, a New Starts BRT set-aside, and tolls collected from single-occupant
vehicles using the reserved lanes.
Surveys of motorists on the SR 91 Express Lanes in Orange County show that people of all income levels choose to use the toll lanes when saving time is really important to them. A recent study of the High Occupancy/Toll lanes on I-15 north of San Diego indicates that public opinion strongly favors priced lanes that offer the option of a faster and more reliable trip. As existing urban freeways become more and more congested and as travel on them becomes increasingly slower and less reliable, I believe there will be plenty of people and businesses willing to pay for the privilege of traveling in congestion-free lanes. Such HOT networks would benefit not only individual travelers, freight movers and goods deliverers who need a fast and reliable way to reach their destinations, but also users of general purpose lanes which would become less congested as some traffic switched to the toll lanes. And, of course, the HOT lane networks would become the enabling infrastructure for Bus Rapid Transit. In my judgment, a congressionally-authorized program of HOT Lane networks- built as enabling infrastructure for Bus Rapid Transit but also available as a paying option to individual drivers- would be an eloquent expression of the increasingly intermodal nature of our federal surface transportation program.
8. "Essential Intercity Bus Services"
While the subject of Amtrak and intercity transportation falls outside
the scope of this hearing, there is one aspect of it that may be of potential
concern to this committee. The restructuring of Amtrak and the potential
abandonment of some of its unprofitable intercity rail corridors, may
create serious mobility deficiencies in many communities across America.
One solution would be to establish a network of intercity buses to take
the place of the discontinued train services. The bus network would connect
small towns and rural communities to regional airports and to transportation
hubs in larger cities. The bus services could be run by private carriers
and, where necessary, supported by federal subsidy payments modeled after
the congressionally authorized "essential air services" program
(49 U.S.C. 41731). Essential air services have been maintained with federal
subsidy support at approximately 100 communities affected by airline deregulation.
I believe a similar approach could restore mobility to hundreds of communities
threatened by possible cutbacks in intercity rail service.
9. Long Term Viability of the Trust Fund
Finally, I detect a growing concern within the transportation community
about the long term capacity of the Highway Trust Fund to finance the
nation's future transportation needs. The preponderance of opinion is
that the growth in gasoline tax revenue will not keep pace with the rising
demand and cost of highway preservation, reconstruction and rehabilitation.
A growing use of ethanol-based fuels (its use jumped 28% in 2001) and
the long range impact of hybrid and fuel cell vehicles is expected to
further diminish the prospects for gas tax revenue sufficiency. In the
short run, shifting ethanol tax receipts from the general fund to the
Highway Trust Fund might ease the situation somewhat. But looking beyond
the next reauthorization cycle, we may have to consider entirely new approaches
to federal transportation program financing. Hence, I join other transportation
leaders in urging a congressionally mandated study to explore alternative
financing mechanisms that would offer a stable and adequate long-term
source of transportation financing.
This concludes my testimony. Thank you for the opportunity to present my views.
INNOVATION BRIEFS
A publication of the Urban Mobility Corporation
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